杜浩渺.碳中和目标下海洋地球工程的国际法规制和政策启示[J].中国环境管理,2021,13(6):132-139.
DU Haomiao.The International Regulation of Marine Geoengineering – with Policy Implications for Carbon Neutrality in China[J].Chinese Journal of Environmental Management,2021,13(6):132-139. |
| 碳中和目标下海洋地球工程的国际法规制和政策启示 |
| The International Regulation of Marine Geoengineering – with Policy Implications for Carbon Neutrality in China |
| DOI：10.16868/j.cnki.1674-6252.2021.06.132 |
| 中文关键词: 气候变化 地球工程 人工海洋上升流 海洋施肥 海洋碱化 |
| 英文关键词:climate change geoengineering artificial ocean upwelling ocean fertilization ocean alkalization |
| 基金项目:南方海洋科学与工程广东省实验室（珠海）创新团队建设项目（311021015）。 |
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| 中文摘要: |
| 碳中和目标的实现需要充分开发海洋碳汇的潜力。海洋施肥、人工海洋上升流、海洋碱化是三种旨在提升海洋碳汇的地球工程技术。本文从海洋地球工程活动合法性、海洋环境保护义务和气候变化公约体系三个方面论述海洋地球工程的国际法框架。首先，《伦敦倾倒公约》和《伦敦议定书》中关于“倾倒”的定义不适用于海洋地球工程活动涉及的以吸收二氧化碳为目的投放铁或碱性物粉末或放置管道的行为。《关于规制以海洋施肥和其他以海洋地球工程活动为目的投放物质的伦敦议定书修正案》将海洋施肥活动限制在通过了完整的环境影响评价的“合理科学研究”范围内。目前这一限制不适用于其他海洋地球工程技术，但随着对其他技术研究的深入，修正案限制范围有可能会扩大。其次，《联合国海洋法公约》和《生物多样性公约》中有关海洋环境和海洋生态保护的公约条款适用于海洋地球工程活动，其中有关环境影响评价的义务与海洋地球工程的发展密切相关。再次，《联合国气候变化框架公约》以及《巴黎协定》中关于国家自主贡献的规定为实施海洋地球工程提供了鼓励性规则。最后，本文就中国关于该技术的实验活动以及未来应用该技术的场景下涉及的遵约和治理问题进行展望。当前不与国际法冲突的发展模式是进行小规模试验研究、建立海洋碳汇方法学标准、核算海洋碳汇经济价值，推动海洋碳汇换算核证自愿减排量进入碳市场交易；在实践中鼓励将开发海洋碳汇与低碳渔业养殖、陆海统筹增汇等方法相结合。未来能否大规模实施海洋地球工程技术取决于对海洋生态环境相关影响研究的进展。 |
| 英文摘要: |
| The achievement of carbon neutrality requires the promotion of marine carbon sinks. Ocean fertilization, artificial upwelling and ocean alkalization are three marine geoengineering technologies which aim to increase carbon sinks. This article addresses the legal framework for marine geoengineering in three parts: the lawfulness of marine geoengineering, the obligations of marine environment protection and biodiversity conservation, and the supportive rules under the climate change regime for marine geoengineering. First, the definition of “dumping” under the London Convention is not applicable to marine geoengineering. The 2013 Amendment to the London Protocol only regulates ocean fertilization, restricting the permission to “legitimate scientific research” which has undergone assessment. Such a restriction does not apply to other types of marine geoengineering techniques, but it might be expanded when scientific research on other techniques shows the necessity. Then this article applies provisions under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea and the Convention on Biological Diversity related to the protection of the marine environment as well as the conservation of marine ecosystem to marine geoengineering. The requirement for an environmental impact assessment is of particular significance. In addition, this article explores the applicability of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and the Paris Agreement to marine geoengineering, pointing out that the National Determined Contributions under the Paris Agreement enables marine geoengineering activities. In the end, this article addresses the regulation and governance issues associated with marine geoengineering research activities and the likely large-scale deployment of marine geoengineering in China. Under the current international legal framework, small-scale scientific research is allowed. China should undertake research on developing diverse carbon sink methodologies in order to integrate new types of marine carbon sinks into Chinese Certified Emission Reductions. In addition, the promotion of marine carbon sinks is encouraged to be combined with low-carbon fisheries as well as action on reducing eutrophication in coastal regions. In the future, whether it is lawful to undertake large-scale marine geoengineering activities would depend on the development of scientific research on their environmental impacts. |
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